邓稼先传–世界核武器国家主要贡献者名单

 

 

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邓稼先传–世界核武器国家主要贡献者名单

via 弯曲评论 by 陈怀临 on 7/18/08

系列目录 邓稼先传——要知松高洁，待到雪化时

1. 邓稼先传(前言）
2. 邓稼先传–邓稼先年鉴
3. 邓稼先传–杨振宁悼念邓稼先
4. 邓稼先传–邓稼先弟弟邓先怀念邓稼先
5. 邓稼先传–邓稼先夫人许鹿希访谈
6. 邓稼先传–顾以藩悼念邓稼先
7. 邓稼先传–"做杨振宁，还是邓稼先？"
8. 邓稼先传–记中国的原子弹科学家
9. 邓稼先传–纽约时报报道邓稼先去世
10. 邓稼先传–世界核武器国家主要贡献者名单

		United States	U.S.S.R./Russia	Britain	France	China
	Warheads
	Warheads in stockpile (2003)	7,650 active, ~3,000 reserve or awaiting disassembly	8,200 active, ~10,000 reserve or awaiting disassembly	200	350	400
	Peak number of warheads/year	32,500/1967	45,000/1986	410/1969	540/1993	450/1993
	Total number of warheads built, years	70,000 1945–1992	55,000 1949–2003	1,200 1952–2001	1,260 1960–2003	750 1964–2003
		United States	U.S.S.R./Russia	Britain	France	China
	Weapon development milestones
	Atomic bomb developers	Leslie R. Groves, J. Robert Oppenheimer	Igor V. Kurchatov, Yuli B. Khariton, Boris L. Vannikov, Avraami P. Zaveniagin	William G. Penney, John Cockcroft, Christopher Hinton	Pierre Guillaumat, Charles Ailleret, Yves Rocard	Nie Rongzhen, Liu Jie, Deng Jiaxian
	Hydrogen bomb developers	Stanislaw Ulam, Edward Teller, Richard Garwin	Andrei Sakharov, Yuli B. Khariton, Yakov B. Zeldovich	William Cook, Bryan Taylor, John Corner, Keith Roberts	Michel Carayol, Pierre Billaud, Luc Dagens	Deng Jiaxian, Yu Min, Peng Huanwu
	First operational ICBM	Oct. 31, 1959 Atlas D	Jan. 20, 1960 SS-6 Sapwood	none	Aug. 2, 1971 S-2 IRBM	August 1981 Dong Feng-5
	First SSN enters service, vessel name	January 1955 Nautilus	August 1958 November	April 1963 Dreadnought	January 1971 Le Redoutable	1974 Han
	First SSBN patrol with Polaris-type SLBM, vessel, missile name	Nov. 15, 1960 G. Washington, Polaris A1	1968 Navaga/Yankee, SS-N-6 Serb	June 1968 Resolution, Polaris A3	Jan. 28, 1972 Le Redoutable, M1	1986 Xia, Julang-1
	First MIRVed missile deployed	Aug. 19, 1970 Minuteman III	Dec. 25, 1974 SS-18 Satan; April 26, 1975 SS-19 Stiletto	December 1994 Trident II SLBM	April 1985 M-4A SLBM	none
	First warhead deployed without live nuclear test	B-61 Mod-11, 1996	unknown	unknown	TNO/ASMP-A, 2007 (pending)	unknown
		United States	U.S.S.R./Russia	Britain	France	China
	Testing milestones
	Number of nuclear tests/detonations	1,030/1,125	715/969	45/45	210/unknown	45/unknown
	First fission test, type, yield	July 16, 1945 plutonium, 21 kt	Aug. 29, 1949 plutonium, 22 kt	Oct. 3, 1952 plutonium, 25 kt	Feb. 13, 1960 plutonium, 60–70 kt	Oct. 16, 1964 uranium 235, 20 kt
	First test of boosted fission weapon, yield	May 8, 1951 Item, 46 kt	Aug. 12, 1953 Joe 4, RDS-6c, 400 kt	June 19, 1956 Mosaic/G2, 60 kt	Sept. 24, 1966 Rigel, 150 kt	May 9, 1966 ~200 kt
	First two-stage thermo- nuclear test, yield	Oct. 31, 1952 Mike, 10.4 Mt	Nov. 22, 1955 RDS-37, 1.6 Mt	Nov. 11, 1957 Grapple X, 1.8 Mt	Aug. 24, 1968 Canopus, 2.6 Mt	June 17, 1967 3 Mt
	Months from first fission bomb to first multistage thermonuclear bomb	87	75	61	102	32
	First nuclear airdrop, aircraft used, yield	Aug. 6, 1946 B-29, 15 kt	Oct. 18, 1951 Tu-4, 42 kt	Oct. 11, 1956 Valiant, 3 kt	July 19, 1966 Mirage IV-A, 60 kt	May 14, 1965 Hong 6, 35–40 kt
	Atmospheric tests, including underwater	215	219	21	45 (five were zero- yield safety tests)	23
	Total Mts expended atmospheric/underground	141/38	247/38	8/0.9	10/4	21.9/1.5
	Largest atmospheric test, yield	Feb. 28, 1954 Bravo, 15 Mt	Oct. 30, 1961 50 Mt	April 28, 1958 Grapple Y, 3 Mt	Aug. 24, 1968 Canopus, 2.6 Mt	Nov. 17, 1976 4 Mt
	Last atmospheric test	Nov. 4, 1962	Dec. 25, 1962	Sept. 23, 1958	Sept. 15, 1974	Oct. 15, 1980
	First underground test	July 26, 1957	Oct. 11, 1961	March 1, 1962	Nov. 7, 1961	Sept. 23, 1969
	Largest underground test, yield	Nov. 6, 1971 5 Mt	Oct. 27, 1973 2.8–4 Mt	Dec. 5, 1985 <150 kt	July 25, 1979 120 kt	May 21, 1992 660 kt
	Last test	Sept. 23, 1992	Oct. 24, 1990	Nov. 26, 1991	Jan. 27, 1996	July 29, 1996
	Major test sites, (number of tests)	Nevada (901), Enewetak (43), Bikini (23), Christ- mas Island (24)	Semipalatinsk (456), Novaya Zemlya (130)	Nevada (24), Aus- tralia (12), Christ- mas Island (6), Malden Island (3)	Algeria (17), Mururoa (175), Fangataufa (12)	Lop Nur (45)
	First computer- simulated test	2001, 12 teraflops White computer at LLNL, fully cou- pled primary and sec- ondary explosion	unknown	Pending; 3 teraflops Blue Oak computer at AWE Burghfield	Pending; 5 tera- flops Tera com- puter at DAM-Ile de France Center, Bruyères-le-Châtel	unknown
		United States	U.S.S.R./Russia	Britain	France	China
	Nuclear infrastructure
	Assembly and disassembly plants	Pantex, near Amarillo, Texas	Avangard, Sarov (Arzamas-16), Lesnoy (Sverdlovsk-45), Trekh- gorny (Zlatoust-36), Zarechny (Penza-19)	AWE Burghfield, near Reading	Centre d'Études de Valduc, in Côte d'Or	Zitong, in Sichuan
	Plutonium and tritium production sites, number of reactors	Hanford, 9*; Savannah River, 5*; Watts Bar, 1; Se- quoyah, 1 (tritium)	Ozersk (Chelyabinsk-65), 6*; Seversk (Tomsk-7), 2, 3*; Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-26), 1, 2*	Calder Hall, 4; Chapelcross, 4; Windscale, 2*	Marcoule, 3*; Chinon, 2*; Bugey, 1*; Phénix, 1; Celestin, 2*	Jiuquan, in Gansu, 1; Guangyuan, in Sich- uan, 1
	Uranium enrichment plants	Oak Ridge,* Portsmouth,* Paducah	Angarsk, Novouralsk (Sverdlovsk-44), Seversk (Tomsk-7), Zelenogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-45)	Capenhurst*	Pierrelatte*	Lanzhou, in Gansu; Heping, in Sichuan
	Chief design labs	LANL, New Mexico; LLNL, California; Sandia, New Mexico and California	Sarov (Arzamas-16), Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70), Institute of Auto- matics in Moscow	Aldermaston, near Reading	Centre d'Études de Bruyères-le- Châtel	Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, in Sichuan
	Current directors and administrators	Spencer Abraham, energy secretary; Linton Brooks, NNSA administrator; Pete Nanos, LANL acting director; Michael R. Anastasio, LLNL director; C. Paul Robinson, Sandia director and president	Alexander Rumyantsev, atomic energy minister; Radii I. Ilkayev, Sarov director; Georgii N. Rykovanov, Snezhinsk director	Willy Bach, under- secretary of state and minister for defence procure- ment; Bill Haight, AWE managing director	Alain Bugat, CEA general administrator; Alain Delpuech, CEA director of military applications	Cao Gangchuan, director of General Armament Depart- ment (People's Lib- eration Army); Zhu Zulang, director of CAEP
	*No longer operational. AWE, Atomic Weapons Establishment; CEA, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique; kt, kiloton(s); ICBM, intercontinental ballistic missile; IRBM, intermediate-range ballistic missile; LANL, Los Alamos National Laboratory; LLNL, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; MIRV, multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle; Mt, megaton(s); NNSA, National Nuclear Security Administration; SLBM, submarine-launched ballistic missile; SSBN, nuclear-powered ballistic-missile submarine; SSN, nuclear-powered attack submarine

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